---
title: "Sustainable Congestion Charging: a better way?"
url: "https://www.systra.com/uk/expert_insights/sustainable-congestion-charging-a-better-way/"
type: expert_insights
date_published: 2023-08-30
date_modified: 2023-09-14
schema:
  @type: WebPage
language: en-GB
word_count: 2262
reading_time: 12 min
canonical: "https://www.systra.com/uk/expert_insights/sustainable-congestion-charging-a-better-way/"
featured_image: "https://www.systra.com/uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2023/08/congestion-charging.jpg"
type-insight:
  - "Cities & Urban Mobility"
---

# Sustainable Congestion Charging: a better way?

**Inexpensive roving cameras mounted on local authority vehicles could capture vehicle data managed by a back-office where revenue and enforcements are managed, says Jorgen Pedersen**
.

Are you an authority that needs to reduce traffic while providing better
transport services but are thwarted by budgets that are impossible to balance?
If you are, then read on, SYSTRA has a radical and innovative solution that
might help you achieve your goals.

A chance encounter with a city authority led me to re-think the current approach
to congestion charging. The city authority indicated a need to limit traffic
while producing revenue that could then be used to further enhance liveable
spaces which would also promote active, shared and public transport.  A noble
cause and in my view something that we should all be striving to achieve. 

Being absolutely honest, I was slow to fully comprehend the impact of global
warming.  My previous roles required me to spend huge chunks of my time
travelling around the world to attend to a wide array of customers.  So, I am no
role model. 

But times have changed, there is no denying the need to reduce our carbon
footprint, and no denying that we all have to play our part for the sake or not
only our own health but the well being of future generations to come. 

“Would it be possible for a city to be solely reliant on roving camera platforms
and, if so, what would be the impact of such an approach?”

There is no denying that climate change is already affecting our everyday lives,
no denying its already having a devastating impact on nature, and even now it’s
very likely that we are addressing this too late to protect a multitude of
animals, plants and insects. 

All this to say, that we need to be much more proactive in our aims of reducing
our reliance on the private car, while moving towards our agenda for more active
and healthy lifestyles.

There are many reasons why an authority may want to consider some form of
congestion charging including traffic reduction, promoting healthier and more
active communities, decarbonisation and/or pollution reduction, and not least
revenue generation to support infrastructure projects that will further support
all of the above reasons. 

So, it was with interest that I was listening to the aspirations of this city
authority, and their plans for congestion charging to significantly reduce their
inner-city traffic issues.  They had already undertaken some design and
development studies but had been forced to conclude that congestion charging for
them was cost prohibitive!  

That didn’t seem to make any sense to me, but they went on to explain why that
was.  The cost of designing and implementing a cordon of cameras, communication
infrastructure, the maintenance of said infrastructure, the back-office,
enforcement, would just about break even at current traffic levels.  However,
when expecting a reduction in traffic of anything from 15-20% the sums just
didn’t equate. 

The big take away from this is conversation was that the infrastructure and
ongoing maintenance was simply cost-prohibitive for all but the largest of
cities.  

This got me thinking about whether there was a better way of doing this, which
wasn’t cost prohibitive but could still provide the benefits of traffic
reduction while securing the much-needed revenue to accommodate social
improvements. 

The foundation of my thoughts centred around the need to minimise opex costs
which in turn would maximize revenue that could then be used for community
development schemes such as cycle paths, pedestrianizing areas, mobility hubs
etc.  This is what we came up with:

One of the limitations of the traditional congestion charging scheme is that
once inside the congestion area, one can pretty much travel as much as one wants
because one is not transitioning across the zonal camera cordon.

![congestion-charging](https://www.systra.com/uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2023/08/congestion-charging-1024x645.jpg)

To overcome this, roving camera platforms have been introduced, which are
essentially cameras that are mounted in vehicles which can travel around a
congestion charge area and park up and take images of any vehicle that they take
which shows a number plate.

The more roving cameras that there are the higher the proportion of inner-zonal
travellers that are captured and charged.  

Extrapolating this a little, my thoughts were, would it be possible for a city
to be solely reliant on roving camera platforms, and if so, what would be the
impact of such an approach? 

After much thought, much discussion a period of design and a period of just
trying to pick holes in the general concepts being introduced we had to conclude
that not only would this provide a relatively infrastructure-less solution but
that the approach offered a number of advantages that cannot be achieved through
the traditional high-cost congestion charging approach. Let me explain.

Camera technology has also improved exponentially since 2002 when cameras were
first used for the London CC zone. They now are able to communicate in real time
using cellular networks, back in 2002 we’d never heard of 3G, 4G and certainly
not 5G, smart phones had yet to make an appearance, but were being discussed. 

ANPR software was also in its infancy, and the idea of using ANPR (Automatic
Number Plate Recognition) on a rolling shuttered  CCD/CMOS sensor would have
been a complete impossibility due to processing constraints.  All of that has
changed.  I personally worked with a very small team who developed a low cost
ANPR smart camera using a rolling shutter and tested it up to theoretical 120MPH
at an oblique angle, without ANPR misreads. 

Cameras have gotten smaller, their frame rates have increased, rolling shutters
which are significantly cheaper than global shutter sensors have improved,
communications are staggeringly reliable and fast and ANPR software is now
cheaper and continues to improve, while at the same time the price point for
cameras continues to fall.

So, what if we only use roving cameras, we mount inexpensive cameras on a fleet
of cars that are multi-purposed such as, local authority vehicles, police cars
and buses, etc, all of which can capture number plate details.  This is sent
back to a back-office where ANPR is captured, and where revenue and enforcements
are managed.  

The naysayers amongst us will instantly start picking holes in this and suggest
that we will need to in some way limit the recording of vehicles outside the
congestion charge zone, or how can we make sure that we capture everyone, or how
can we introduce flexibility to enable free travel on Sundays etc., and does it
provide sufficient flexibility to expand the area in the future? 

Some will even suggest that Low Traffic Neighbourhoods (LTN) are not publicly or
politically supported, and it’s fair to say that LTN’s have become a political
battleground, which I believe will be seen as being a collective failure by our
politicians, who might do better to focus on our legally binding carbon
reduction promises. 

But all of these comments and questions will be answered:

### how can I only monitor vehicles whilst within the Congestion Charge Zone?

I believe we all have a right to privacy, and that must be protected, however I
also believe that we all have a right to clean air, and healthy living, and that
should also be protected. So, whilst it is essential to monitor license plates
within the congestion charge zone we could set-up a geofence enabling the camera
only to operate while within the zone.

As soon as the vehicle passes the geofence boundary the camera would be turned
off.  This would provide the opportunity to provide ANPR results from within the
zone itself but not outside of that zone.  There is also a suggestion that a
cordon of cameras is actually more privacy-invasive as it records every
vehicle’s movements across the boundary.

### Does it need to capture everyone?

One of the many benefits of this is that one does not need to capture everyone.
  One would set-it up as an honesty-based solution.  If you knew you had been in
the area it is your responsibility to make your payment.  Failure to do so would
invite a hefty enforcement fee on being caught.  As per the London CC fee
structure the hefty enforcement fee provides an incentive to ensure that
congestion charge fees are paid promptly.  

For those cities that wished to provide an account-based management system this
could be achieved through the use of a dedicated mobile app, which would
instantly alert the back-office system when a vehicle had transitioned the zone.
 

At this time funds could immediately be removed from the holder’s account.  If
the driver had decided to turn off their app, then the same process would apply,
if spotted by a roving ANPR camera, the camera would send details back to the
back-office, a driver would have a time limit on when they should pay, and if
they did not pay then they would get an enforcement notice.

But based on this being an honesty system, the system is not expected to capture
everyone, just provide sufficient incentive to drivers to pay promptly
voluntarily.

### Can this introduce sufficient flexibility to meet the changing needs of a city? 

One of the main advantages of this system is that it works through an
interconnected communications network, and is software based.  This means that
we could essentially set up any number of business cases (scenarios) that could
all be accommodated, such as:

- Morning and evening charge times could vary by day of week.
- Weekends could be free, or charged, or could incur partial charges
- Poor air quality days could introduce additional charges
- Zones areas could be changed to accommodate events – either making them bigger
  or smaller.  Although this would require additional signage, and additional
  geofenced areas.
- If introducing the dedicate mobile app mentioned, this could also be charged
  for vehicle miles travelled whilst within the congestion charge zone.  In the
  event that the mobile app were turned off a maximum daily charge would apply.
- One could charge different classes of vehicles different fees based on a link
  with DVLA to identify the vehicle type.
- Residents within the congestion charge zone could get reduced rates by way of
  a permit list.
- Doctors, emergency services, and special categories could also be given
  reduced rates or free travel based on a permit list.

Due to being software-based, with a configuration layer it is possible to
develop a solution that not only meets the current needs of the city, but that
can also adapt to the longer-term changing needs and requirements of the city as
well as the short-term amendments that would perhaps be introduced during rail
strikes, emergency situations, or even special events. 

It would and should be possible to have these special events set-up as
scenarios, which could be scheduled or instigated as needed.  

### Public and political acceptance 

Inevitably, change forces us to do something differently, changes one’s
perceptions of the world around us, challenges us to pursue other options and
can consequently impact our daily norms. 

It is inevitable therefore that we actively fight again forms of change that we
believe will change our daily lives.  The interesting thing is that once we have
transitioned, that becomes our new norm, which we more often than not embrace
equally as actively as the previous norm.

It’s therefore no surprise that during public consultations the concepts of LTN
(Low Traffic Neighbourhoods) are heavily critiqued and many have been cancelled
as a result of public and political backlash against such schemes.

However, lets look back a little, and look at London. Do we remember how
congested London was, and how pleasant it now is?  The same can be said for
other more mature schemes both nationally and internationally. 

If we are even moderately concerned about reducing pollution or having the
ability to make changes for healthier lifestyles, we must look to reduce our
over-reliance on single occupancy vehicles.  This will take a consolidated
behavioural change campaign that could be supported by an organisation that
specialises in social market research and engagement. 

This is currently high-level conceptual design thinking – the detailed design
phase will certainly unearth a number of other issues which will also need to be
overcome.  But this approach does provide an opportunity to deliver congestion
charging zones to smaller and less affluent cities at a fraction of the cost
that a traditional congestion charge solution. 

If you are a small to medium-sized city and are interested in moving forward
your congestion charge or FMZ agendas, please feel free to contact me if you
would like to discuss this approach in more detail.

_Originally published in [TransportXtra](https://www.transportxtra.com/publications/local-transport-today/news/74234/sustainable-congestion-charging-a-better-way-)_

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